CHARACTERISTICS AND PRINCIPAL USES OF SPECIES FOUND IN CHILE ALERCE: Found between Valdivia (parallel 40) and Chiloe (parallel 43). It is reasonably plentiful in remote and hilly areas growing in mixed forests on the upper slopes and sometimes in clear stands on the ridges, but has largely disappeared from the lower areas where exploitation is less difficult. The trees average 46 inches in diameter and will yield four 16 foot logs. Very much larger trees are found, one said to be 15 feet in diameter and 240 feet high and estimated to be 4,000 years old. The mature trees are often dead and hollow at the top and many are also hollow at the butt. Though decayed centers are quite common in the older trees, the balance of the heartwood is very durable. Windfalls of previous ages are often seen under the roots of old mature trees, the wood still sound, and in old logged off areas it is common practice to dig up windfalls that yield sound lumber. The wood is narrow ringed, exceedingly light and soft, and straight grained, quite similar to the texture of redwood, though of lighter color. It is not inclined to check or warp during seasoning. The outer bark is thick and corky with an inner layer of fibrous material impregnated with resin. This inner bark is highly prized as a caulking material for boats. Woodsmen produce large quantities of edge-grain hand-split shingle shooks 4 feet x 6 inches x 1/2 inch and numbers of sawn shingles are also produced. Alerce is also used for window sash and frames, but is a little soft for use where hard service is expected. It is used for core stock in veneered doors and table tops, for pencil blocks, for masts, and occasionally for boat decking and planking though rather soft for this purpose. Alerce poles are used by telephone and telegraph com panies. CIPRES DE CORDILLERA: Found in the Andes cordilleras near Cauquenes Hot Springs (parallel 36) and south to parallel 44. It is not very plentiful. The wood is reddish yellow to pale yellow and very knotty, though the knots are tight. It is not inclined to check or warp during seasoning and is not considered particularly durable though sometimes used for poles. The species is not important commercially. CIPRES DE LAS GUAITECAS: It was once Found from Valdivia River south to Tierra del Fuego. very abundant in Chiloe, Guaitecas and Chonos Islands, and is still fairly plentiful but scattered and in areas hard to exploit. It grows in wet or swampy places and is logged under very difficult conditions in the islands where, lacking roads and oxen, most material is hauled out by hand. The trees average about 1 foot in diameter and 24 feet high. The wood is very light, pale yellow to brown in color, rather knotty, somewhat brittle when dry, and has a strong odor like cinnamon. It is the preferred material for poles though only small poles are brought out, and is considered the best material for boat planking and decking in spite of the fact that it is quite knotty. 2 x 5 inches to 3 x 7 inches and 21 feet long, cut trees, are brought into Puerto Montt, for boat material. Pit-sawn plank, from the larger This species is not inclined to check or warp even when seasoned in crib piles or on racks. It is used for both sawn and split shingles, sometimes in making furniture, and also for telegraph and telephone poles and spars on boats, but not where maximum strength is required. MANIO: MANIO HEMBRA: MANIO MACHO: There are three manios, all having similar properties and characteristics. The Podocarpus salignus is sometimes called "longleaf pine" and is found in the hills and valleys of the coast range and Andes from the Bio-Bio River to Chiloe. It sometimes occurs in small groves. Manio Hembra is also called "short leaf pine" and is found from Valdivia to Chiloe. Manio Macho prefers the muggy forest of the coast and Andes. The supply of the manios is rather limited. The trees average 24 inches in diameter and will yield two 16-foot logs. The wood is dense, straightgrained, harder than Douglas-fir, yellow, has a mild fragrant odor, is easy to dry and not inclined to warp and split. The manios are used in furniture veneer and planing mill products, making an excellent interior finish and flooring material; also in vehicle bodies and oars for boats. LLEUQUE: Found south of the Maule River to parallel 40 in the Cordilleras. It is very scarce. The wood is moderately light, otherwise quite similar to the manios and is used for furniture, flooring, and veneer. ARAUCARIA: Found in a strip in the Andes about 160 miles long and 50 miles wide between parallels 37.20 and 40.20; also in the coast cordillera in Nahuelbuta between Angol and Canete near parallel 38. The supply is limited. The average tree is about 28 inches in diameter and will yield three 16-foot logs. The trunks are generally clean and free from limbs. The bark is rough and thick, deeply scored and has a pattern that has led to calling the tree the "monkey puzzle" tree. The inner bark contains resin of no known commercial importance. The bark has a soft in ner layer requiring a thick slab cut to reach sound wood. The heartwood contains very large sound knots at frequent intervals. The wood is heavy yellowish white, easy to work, and slightly similar in appearance to Douglas-fir. It is not considered durable, and hence is used for mine timbers in places where durability is not important, for plywood, and some furniture. It yields fair pulp for paper. ARRAYAN: This scarce species is found as scattered trees from Valdivia to Aysen. It averages 18 inches in diameter and yields one log. used for charcoal and firewood and occasionally in construction and furniture. AVELLANO: Found between parallels 35 and 43 mixed with other species. It averages 16 inches in diameter and yields only one 16-foot log. The trunk is straight and cylindrical, the wood light weight, the heartwood being light red to brown. Finished surfaces are faintly spotted. The wood is not durable. It is in some demand for furniture. CANELO: It Found from parallel 31 to Cape Horn mixed with other species. is quite plentiful, the average tree being 18 inches in diameter and yielding two 16-foot logs. The bark, is rich in tannin. The wood is yellowish brown, sometimes reddish, light, and not considered durable. Canelo is prized for furniture and interior finish. CIRUELILLO: Found as occasional trees from parallel 35 to the Magallanes. Average size trees about 14 inches in diameter and 25 feet high. The wood is rose colored, has a striped grain, takes an excellent and lus trous finish and is used in turned woodware carved work, fine furniture and cabinet work, flooring and figured veneers. COIGUE: Coigue is the most abundant tree in Chile. It is a member of the beech family but resembles sweetgum in appearance and certain properties. The wood is red to yellowish rose, heavy and strong, but hard to season, inclined to warp and check, particularly in a dry kiln, but is reasonably durable. Trees average 30 inches in diameter and yield three 16foot logs. Coigue is used extensively for posts and joists in building construction, mine timbering, keels, stem and stern posts, frames and bent ribs in boats. It makes a fair pulpwood, takes creosote treatment very well, and can be steam bent. Coigue makes excellent rotary cut veneer and shows a fine figure; is used for parquetry flooring and frames in covered furniture. Large quantities are used as box and container material, and also for pins on cross arms of telephone lines, though imported acacia is preferred for this purpose. LAUREL: Found from parallel 34 to Puerto Montt and is fairly plentiful. The trees average 32 inches in diameter and yield about three 16-foot logs. The wood is moderately heavy, the color greenish yellow, sometimes spotted in the heartwood, and the wood resembles soft maple in texture. Laurel is not durable and is subject to checking and staining, and sometimes decay develops during air seasoning in laminated piles. It works well with tools and finishes smooth. The sapwood is very uniform in color, the heartwood uneven. Laurel is used extensively for furniture, interior finish and flooring, though somewhat soft for this purpose, and tending to mark badly in service. It is used for inside lining, molding, siding, sash, doors, cabinet work, plywood and the lower grades are used in boxes and containers. Laurel has a fair pulp yield but is short-fibered. LENGA: Found in the foothills of the Andes up to 6,000 feet, generally at high elevations, commonly associated with Araucaria. Lenga is scarce. The wood is pale brown, hard and usually defective, and checks badly during seasoning. It is used principally for firewood. LINGUE: Found from parallels 35 to 42 and was once abundant but is becoming scarce. The trees average 24 inches in diameter and yield three 16foot logs. The wood is a yellowish brown, moderately heavy and hard, fairly strong and has some resemblance to butternut. It seasons well, can be steam bent, works well with tools, takes a good finish, and is |