Wood machining processes

approximately band saws bark belt cells chain chip formation chip thickness chipper chisel circular saws clearance angle coated abrasives compression cutter cutterhead cutting circle cutting edge cutting plane cutting power cutting velocity Data defibrating degrees depth of cut disc Douglas-fir down-milling drum eastern white pine effect factors failure feed per tooth feed speed fibers Figure gang saw gauge grain gullet hardwoods horsepower illustrated in Fig inches increased infeed jointed kerf knife lathe length machine maximum mortise motor nosebar number of knives operation orthogonal cutting oven-dry parallel cutting force parallel tool force percent moisture content perpendicular Photograph courtesy plate pounds produce pulp rake angle range ripsaws rotating sander sanding saturated shape shown in Fig softwoods species specific gravity spring-set sugar pine swage-set swaged Table tenon tension Test top bevel tracheids Type II chip up-milling veneer width wood workpiece yellow birch